The Differences Between African Americans And Caucasians

Modern society is striving for every person, regardless of race, gender, or nationality to be treated as if they are identical. Activist can publish all the articles they want in an attempt to make everyone equal, but that does not make it so. The front line in a combat situation is one place where women just do not belong. Society would like us to believe that the only difference between African Americans and Caucasians is skin color, but if you go to any park in America and observe a game of pick-up ball, you will quickly notice that the two races are very different, both socially and physically. The two races have different backgrounds and cultures which affect their behaviors, not negatively, just in ways that make each unique. Similarly, women want to be treated exactly like men. They want to dress the same, act the same, and have access to all the same jobs. However, no matter how hard they try or how bad they want it, women simply are not created the same as men. There are jobs that women are not equipped to handle neither physically nor emotionally. The front line in the field of combat is one such place that women simply do not belong. Feminists and women’s activist groups would have us believe that women are equal in strength, skill level, and in every form as men. Some women are attempting to get into the front lines of combat using lines such as: â€Å"it would increase the number of available soldiers†, â€Å"women can be as strong as men†, â€Å"there won t be anyShow MoreRelatedDisparities Between Caucasian And African American Women890 Words   |  4 PagesRates of African American Women Disparities of all kinds exist in modern day health care. One such disparity that is of particular interest is one that exists between Caucasian and African American women relating to their respective rates of breast cancer incidence and breast cancer survival. According to the American Cancer Society, Caucasian women have a higher incidence of breast cancer than African American women however; Caucasian women have a higher survival rate than African American women (ACSRead MoreHeredity, Culture, And Environment1064 Words   |  5 Pagesselected are African Americans and White Americans. I selected these two cultures because they have many similarities and differences. African Americans and White Americans seem very interested in me to find out more information about Africans Americans and Caucasians Americans. Also, I selected those cultures because I know who are Caucasian Americans and African American, which is my race. I would think that it would be interesting to know a little bit more about Caucasians Americans and Black AmericansRead MoreBody Image : The African American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesImage in the African American Culture Today we live in a society that over the years has become so obsessed with body image and how an individual should look. Different cultures have different standards and norms that help to define their ideal body image. African Americans because of their differences in culture have gone against most cultural norms and have set their own definitions of beauty, body image, and body satisfaction. Because of these key differences, the African American communityRead MoreTaking a Look at Dementia1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto shut down. (About Alzheimers Disease: Symptons) In an effort to understand how AD is diagnosed across racial bounders and percentage comparisons of those diagnosed with AD, three studies were reviewed regarding racial differences of Alzheimer’s: â€Å"Race/ethnic differences in Alzheimer disease survival in US Alzheimer Disease Centers† – a study conducted by the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). This data was collect from over 30 AD centers in the US from 1984 to 2005. 30,916Read MoreThe Irish As Aliens Of A Different World Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesrace was developed through British actions, essentially creating a course of subjecting others differences as property to walk over and substantiate their authority. These cultural views migrated to North America, implementing the aspect of control into their economy in the 18th and 19th century when cheap labor and resources were demanded. Indentured European servants, Native Americans and Africans supplied this labor; although, all of which were not initially enduring slavery. As North AmericaRead MoreCauses of Friction in Interracial Marriages Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Friction in Interracial Marriages The United States has witnessed a considerable amount of social and cultural desegregation between African-Americans and Caucasians. However, despite years of desegregation, social and cultural differences still exist. One of these differences that still exists is in the institution of marriage. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. In the past forty years, a multitude of changes have transformed schools, jobs,Read MoreLack Of Quality Education Blacks1273 Words   |  6 Pagesago, African Americans were slaves and only counted as three fifths of a person. Within the past hundred years African Americans have managed to obtain more equality in some situations, but in other cases racial inequality has become worse than it was when segregation took place. The gaps between the quality of education of white and black students receive appears to be growing instead of shrinking. The lack of quality education blacks receive has contributed to significan t health differences betweenRead MoreNaturalisitic Observation Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesperforming naturalistic observations, a scientist does not make an effort to manipulate or change what is occurring. The purpose of this kind of experimentation is to create a detailed record of the events that happen and of perceptible associations between events, without having any control on the results. Apparently the objective in performing naturalistic observation is to arrange the data collection so that what is going on is comprehensible to the observer, but is not so important or conspicuousRead MoreTheme Of Racism In A Lesson Before Dying1144 Words   |  5 Pages and Its Impacts on The Society. Although, African Americans make up thirty percent of America’s population, they constitute sixty percent of the people in prison. It is apparent that being black in the American society has a great price. Racial discrimination and bigotry in the United States of America goes way back in history, from the daysRead MoreHow Hip Hop Is Influenced By African Americans And Hispanic Americans909 Words   |  4 Pages Carine Green English-Kogut Who does Hip-Hop belong to ? Hip-hop is often referred to as a musical art form, it was created by African-Americans and Latino-Americans in the 1970s. Its concept came from a younger generation of African-Americans in the Bronx, it is different from rap because it also includes elements of pop ,some say it was a beautiful, prideful expression of music, art, and dance from a backdrop of poverty. Since that ignition in

The Seven Commandments May be the Key to Understanding...

The Seven Commandments may be said to be the key to an understanding of Animal Farm. The novel, Animal Farm, by George Orwell expresses the idea of self-government through the animals. The animals play the role of humans. Because the animals decide that they want to run the farm by themselves, they make up a way of living called Animalism. The Seven Commandments (Animal Farms Constitution) under which they live are based on these major principles of Animalism. As time passes, the Seven Commandments undergoes subtle changes as the pigs rewrite it to suit their own agenda. The Seven Commandments may be said to be the key to understanding Animal Farm. Animalism is an allegorical mirror of the Soviet Union, particularly between the†¦show more content†¦Since not all of the animals can remember them, they are summed down into one basic statement: Four legs good, two legs bad!†, which the sheep constantly repeat, distracting the crowd from the lies of the pigs. The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of the barn for all animals to see and read if they could. The most important is the seventh, All animals are equal. After assuming control of the farm, Napoleon and Squealer indulge in the vices of humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading). Whenever the pigs break one of Major’s commandments, Squealer is sent to convince the other animals that that it is the correct interpretation, as is seen in this quote: ‘You didn’t suppose, surely, that there was ever a ruling against beds? A bed merely means the place to sleep in. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed, properly regarded. The rule was against sheets, which are a human invention’. For the pigs to maintain their popularity with the other animals, Squealer secretly paints additions to some commandments to benefit the pigs while keeping them free of accusations of breaking the laws (such as No animal shall drink alcohol having to excess added to it and No animal shall sleep in a bed with with sheets added to it). Eventually the laws are replaced with All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others, and Four legs good, two legsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm, By George Orwell2858 Words   |  12 PagesThe events that surround Animal Farm’s publication, and Orwell’s own consistent outlook towards his book provide support of its political meaning. Orwell plays a two-sided game with his reader. He emphasizes the similarities between the animal on Animal Farm and the humans they are designed to represent. At other parts of the narrative Orwell shows with both humor and pathos the profound differences separating animals from man.In doing t his, he makes his reader create a distinction between the personalitiesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough George Orwell’s Animal Farm was created in order to mimic individuals as well as occurrences that took place during the Russian Revolution period, it is still possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the text without a past knowledge of history through the exploitation of human nature’s imperfections. Following the publishment of his novel, Orwell confirmed that his goal in writing this fable was to expose the wrongdoing of the Soviet Union as well as the treachery of the true ideasRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1957 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough George Orwell’s Animal Farm was created in order to mimic individuals as well as occurrences that took place during the Russian Revolution period, it is still possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the text without a past knowledge of history through the exploitation of human nature’s imperfections. Following the publishment of his novel, Orwell confirmed that his goal in writing this fable was to expose the wrongdoing of the Soviet Union as well as the treachery of the true ideasRead MoreUnderstanding Marketing Management16709 Words   |  67 PagesPART 1 Understanding Marketing Management Chapter 1 | Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Chapter 2 | Developing Marketing Strategies and Plans a Ch ter p 1 In This Chapter, We Will Address the Following Questions 1. Why is marketing important? 2. What is the scope of marketing? 3. What are some core marketing concepts? 4. How has marketing management changed in recent years? 5. What are the tasks necessary for successful marketing management? One of the key factors in BarackRead MoreDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 Pagessmoke. There are actually many reasons which act as a cause of smoking, according to scientists. A few people take up the habit because they saw someone they admired like smoking and thought it was a cool thing to do. Another reason for some people may smoke is experimenting with friends. Here are a few most common causes of smoking: †¢ Ignorance about all the risks and disadvantages of smoking cigarettes. †¢ A total lack of discouragement against smoking. †¢ Growing up in an environment or house whereRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN numberRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesWilson and Colin Gilligan. All rights reserved The right of Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder exceptRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesmechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Je rsey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations

How to select good koi Essay Example For Students

How to select good koi Essay Have you ever wonder the differences between each koi, why are the colors of my koi fading away, and which koi should I purchase? All the koi are not the same and maintains different aspects. Start making the right decisions and use the money on the right koi. A good koi can be selected if it satisfies the conditions in the following passages about basic koi information, examining qualities of koi, and the final check. Acquiring the basic koi information and backgrounds are the key elements to select a good koi. A person should start by knowing some backgrounds of the dealer. Different dealers have different koi sources. For example, a dealer that buys koi from koi breeders in Japan most likely will have koi that are more expensive and higher quality than the a dealer that buys koi from a domestic breeder. One should first know what type of koi to buy, because different koi breeders have different specialty in breeding koi. Let’s use the name Hiroshima and Tokyo for now. Hiros hima breeds better quality showas(black, white, red koi), and Tokyo breeds better quality koi in kohaku(red, white). This is because different breeders uses different parent koi to breed, great quality parent koi will mostly likely to produce more great quality koi than those poorer quality parent koi. The skills and experiences of the breeders will breed different quality of koi also. Once the person has acquired the basic koi information, he must carefully examine the koi. Examining the koi is the most crucial and the hardest part, and it takes some experience and knowledge. To help examine the koi, one should apply the koi’s background information while examining. For example, if the koi’s parent are jumbos (more than 80cm), then the koi might have a chance to become a jumbo also. The age and sex of the koi are also important, male koi often cost less than the females because female koi can reproduce. The age of the koi helps determine the future of the koi. In most cases, if a young koi (1 yr) has its color fully developed already, then it is not going to be better and better and instead the color will probably start to fade away in the future. Most people would not buy an older koi (4yrs+), because the price is high and it is mostly develop already, unless the person is a breeder or a person that wants to enter a koi show. A good color quality koi should have the following (regardless of age): very thin layer of color, a high concentration of colors, and some kind of glossy like layer over the colors, these features shows that the koi has a strong color characteristic which means the color would not fade away. The pattern of the koi is the fun part, since all the koi have different patterns, one should choose the koi with the pattern he/she likes, but one should look for a more balanced color pattern. The quality of the koi, however, should not be considered first; a koi’s health condition should be the first priority when giving the koi a final check. For example, a person bought a very top quality koi, but two days later he/she found out that the koi were infected by parasites. There are ways to help to check the koi’s health condition. Ulcers and other unnatural scratches or spots should be obvious that the koi is in bad shape, but of course the dealer will not show the koi. So, if a koi is swimming downward, slowly, lonely (koi usually swim together), bulge eyes, and not moving much, then there is probably something wrong with the koi. At last, the person should give the koi a final judgment whether the koi is worth to buy at the right price and gain more experiences. .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .postImageUrl , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:hover , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:visited , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:active { border:0!important; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:active , .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8c08d7db8c0d009b0b37ff5fced9fdc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beauty Standarts Essay Not all koi are good koi, but everyone can select a good koi. By having good patients and experiences is the key, and being ambivalent is actually a positive thing to select a koi. Follow the guide above, and with some money one could become a successful koi expert at selecting koi. Bibliography:

The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness Essay Example

The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness Essay Both authors use their titles as a way of drawing in the reader by making them ask questions right from the start. Lively chose the title The Darkness Out There and this poses the question, What is The Darkness? The word darkness foreshadows that the story is about the unexpected and evil. In the same way, Thomas Hardys title Old Mrs Chundle, immediately begs the question Who is Old Mrs Chundle? Already the reader is picturing an old lady in their mind and wants to find out more about her. Like Lively, Hardy engages the reader by posing questions through the title. Titles are a very effective way of engaging the reader right from the outset. Also, both authors use stereotypes to engage the reader. Lively stereotyped the three main characters, Sandra, Kerry and Old Mrs Rutter. Sandra has been stereotyped as a girly girl who likes a good giggle. Kerry is depicted as one of the lads, he has explosive acne and black slicked down hair. Finally Mrs Rutter is also stereotyped as a dear old thing. The effect of Lively stereotyping her characters engages the reader even further. The reader is able to easily identify with the characters and in this way quickly becomes involved with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As well as stereotyping the characters Lively chooses to stereotype the surroundings. She walked through the flowers, the girl, ox- eye daises and vetch cow parsley. This helps to build up the scene of a warm summers day with a girl skipping innocently through the fields. What this does is build up the stereotyping ready for when she reverses them at the end. I will go into this in further detail later on in the essay. Hardy also stereotyped his characters. Old Mrs Chundle was a stereotypical old lady, living on her own, cooking meals for passers by. However the Curate, in complete contrast, is a typically respectable old chap of a higher class. We can tell this when old Mrs Chundle says I dont want to eat with my betters and the language he uses such as Why my good woman. Also the way he insisted on paying Mrs Chundle for his meal I should feel much happier if you would. Once again, this helps the reader to picture the characters more clearly in their mind. As in The Darkness Out There, Hardy moves away from the stereotype of the Curates character curate slowly throughout the story. Firstly the Curate is described as The Kind Hearted Curate who invites Old Mrs Chundle to his parish for service And youll come, if I put it up at my own expense? Later he turns the character round from a caring, friendly Curate to somebody who less than charitably complains about her cabbage breath. I shall tell her not to come. Finally at the end of the story, when Mrs Chundle dies, Hardy uses the line brushed the knees of his trousers, and walked on. The brushing of the trousers symbolises the brushing away of any remorse or guilt for betraying his duties as one of Gods People. Another technique used by Lively throughout the story is to allow the reader to witness Sandra growing up and experiencing puberty. This is shown this by the use of the structural device Packers End. At the beginning of the story Sandra fears Packers End. When she was younger she feared the area because of witches, wolves and tigers But then we have an idea of her stage of puberty when her attention turns to rape. Another reason we know Sandra is growing up and entering adolescence is because when they are in Mrs Rutters house, Mrs Rutter complimented her on her appearance The girl blushed. She touched secretly, the soft skin of her thigh; she felt her breast poke up and out at the thin stuff of her top This adds to the reader alignment of Sandra. We also experience her emotions when on line 173 she shows her first sign of compassion by saying Thats Terrible! This technique allows the reader to identify with Sandra and become involved with her. Both authors use morals to enhance the meaning of their story. Lively uses many different morals. Her first one is that things arent always what they seem. She shows this by reversing all the stereotypes at the end of the story. She does this by reversing the characters of Kerry and Mrs Rutter. Mrs Rutter was a stereotypical old lady, which was reversed when we learnt that she left a German Fighter Pilot to die. Kerrys character grew in maturity throughout the story. When we first met him he jumped out to scare Sandra, he rose from the plough beyond the hedge and through Sandras thought process we were give the line you only have to look at people to know they are not up to much. to when he took it upon himself to leave Mrs Rutters house in disgust. Dunno `bout you, but Im going. By doing this she also shows that peoples perceptions solely based on appearance are likely to be wrong. Penelope Lively also tells her reader to fear the unknown. She does this by using Packers End. Lively doesnt let the reader gain much knowledge about Packers End, which will create fear within the reader. Lively also refers to light and dark a lot throughout the story. They are both metaphors. Light representing good, and dark evil. The dark reach of the spinney. Which creates the feeling that there is something sinister lurking in the woods. Polleny summer grass that glinted in the sun this shows to me that she evokes the feeling of an innocent fresh summers day. This builds up the fear of the darkness in the mind of the reader. Thus poses the question to the reader, what is the darkness out there? This is another way of engaging the reader used by Lively. In the last paragraph we see Sandra coming to the realisation of the darkness out there. This is shown by the quotation birds singing and next you glimpse darkness. The word glimpse suggests that the darkness is always there but its lurking, in hiding. Also the last two lines are extremely effective for revealing the true meaning of the story. She walked behind him, through a world grown unreliable, in which flowers sparkle and birds sing but everything is not as it seems, oh no. The phrase not as it seems sums up that Lively is suggesting that you could be facing the darkness everyday of your life but you may not realise it until its too late. By describing the world as unreliable, Lively shows that in Sandras eyes the world has lost its innocence, in comparison to the stereotypical setting seen through the eyes of Sandra in the opening. Hardy uses a similar moral to Lively. His moral is that perceptions of people based on appearance may be misleading. This is shown when the Curate betrays Old Mrs Chundle, even though she looked up to him and thought of him as one of Gods people. Line 297 shows this by saying The curate went out, like Peter at the cock- crow. This is comparing the Curate betraying Old Mrs Chundle to when Peter betrayed Jesus. Hardy also used the narration of the story to engage the reader and enhance meaning. Throughout the story, right until Old Mrs Chundles death the readers sympathies lie with the Curate. The narrator uses lines such as The Kind Hearted Curate and Zealous young man to build up the empathy. I think Hardy used this method, as he wanted to exploit the misconducts of the church. By building sympathy up with the Curate and then reversing it when we found out he betrayed Old Mrs Chundle Hardy adds extra impact to the remorse the reader has for the loss of Old Mrs Chundle. In The Darkness Out There by Lively, Lively use a third person narrator. She walked through the flowers She does this to create distance with the reader. Thus the reader feels they are observing the story unfold from a distance. However, after line 83, the narration switches from third person, to witnessing the story through the eyes and thought processes of Sandra. Some people you only have to look at to know theyre not up to much Using this method aligns the reader with Sandra and enables them to witness her growing up. This engages the reader further by making them want to find out what happens to Sandra. Hardy used pre-twentieth century language, as this was spoken at the time he wrote the short story. Curate hither and howsomever, helps the reader to establish the period in which the story is set. This pulls the reader in, as they can now easily picture a time and a setting in their mind. Local Dialect or Non- Standard English is used in both stories as a way of engaging the reader. In Old Mrs Chundle, Hardy uses local dialect for the character of Old Mrs Chundle. This helps us to learn more about her. For example Tis taters and cabbage, boiled with a scantling o bacon. Would ye like it? gives us a much clearer idea about the character than, It is potatoes and cabbage, boiled with a little bacon. Would you like some? This is also however a complete contrast to the language used by the curate. Yes, my good woman. This tells the reader that he is of a higher class. This also enables us to understand that there was a social divide at the time the book was written. Lively uses slang in the same way as Hardy does Non- Standard English. Both Kerry and Sandra use slang. Stupid so- and- so and whatd you like us to do are just a few examples. This enables the reader to learn more about the age of their characters and also know that they have been brought up in a more urban area. This enables the reader to align and relate to the characters. Building a relationship between themselves and the characters is a method of drawing in the reader even further. In conclusion both Hardy and Lively use a variety of techniques to engage the reader into their short stories. I found both very good and thoroughly enjoyed them. The first time I read them both, I preferred The Darkness Out There. However, after reading them more thoroughly, I preferred Old Mrs Chundle. I loved the way Hardy threw in little words and sentences that didnt seem like much but really had great impact on the story. For example brushed the knees of his trousers, and walked off. Both authors are very effective in engaging the reader.

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry Pakistan

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Confectionery and Chocolate industry of Pakistan in 2009 is an analysis of branded (domestically produced) confectionery and chocolate market of Pakistan. The article reveals close estimates of sales turn over of major active players in the industry. It also examines contemporary trends in the local confectionery and chocolate market, with an emphasis on providing some useful information about the structure, norms, challenges and competitive landscape of the industry. Before proceeding to our core topic, it would not be unwise to have a look at the snapshot of country’s socio-economic indicators. Pakistan- Snapshot: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a medium size, densely populated country with over 170 million people living in 796,095 square kilometres. With respect to population and area, Pakistan stands at no. 7 and no.43 respectively among the nations of the world. It is located at Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and declining exports of manufactures. Faced with untenable budgetary deficits, high inflation, and haemorrhaging foreign exchange reserves. During 2004-07 GDP growth has been within the range of 6-8%. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, primarily because of rising world fuel and commodity prices. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated significantly as a result of political and economic instability. Confectionery and Chocolate Industry – An overview: Despite Pakistan’s confectionery and chocolate industry has enjoyed an emerging and growing trend in the recent past yet its size and growth pattern has been far inconsequential compared to other countries of Asia-pacific region. The industry has grown with an average annual rate of 6.5 to 7.5 % during 2002-2008. Domestic brands dominate the market accounting for more than 85% of total value sales of the industry. The industry as a whole can be divided between two broader sectors namely organized sector (branded segment) and un-organized sectors (generic segment). The branded segment is more of monopolistic in nature where there are nine prominent, active players in the competitive landscape of this sector. However 80% of the industry’s share is being enjoyed by the five companies listed below. A brief overview of major companies’ estimated annual sales in PKR (1 US$= 83 PKR) is as follows: Company name, Major Product lines, Major brands Estimated annual turn-over PKR.(1US$=83PKR), Share % Hilal Candy, Bubble, Jellies, Chocolates, Beans, powder Drinks, Supari Ding Dong Bubble, Fresh up bubble, Tulsi, AamRus, Kopra candy Limopani 3.5 billion 26% Share Ismail Industries Ltd.(Candyland) Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Snacks etc. Chillimili, Fanty candy, Now, Bisconi Chocolito, Cocomo, Snack city, Sonnet 2.8 billion 21% Share B.P sweets Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Bread, Snacks etc. Spacer, Dolphin Jellies, B.P Lollies, Dream Chocolates etc. 1.7 billion 13% Share Cadbury’s Chocolates(Countlines and Moulded) Toffees, Chewable mint candies Dairy Milk Chocolate, Éclairs, Softmint, Velvet 1.5 billion 11% Share Kidco Bubbles candies, lollypops, Chocolates etc. 4ever, Centro-bubble, Lollies, Punch candy, Chox 1.20 billion 9% Share Mayfair Candies, Toffees, Creamers, Amrood candy, Éclair, Cafe biscuit 0.8 billion 6% Share Mitchell’s(only Confectionery Chocolates) Groceries ( Squashes, Jams, sauces, Chocolates- Moulded and Countlines , Toffees and candies Milk Toffee, Fruit BonBon, Butter Scotch, Jubilee, Golden Hearts 0.70 billion 5% Share DanPak Bubble Gum, Lolly Pops, Candies Chini mini, Fresh’ O bubble, Choco Bisco, Milko Sip 0.70 billion 5% Share Sweet Hills Candies, Toffees Dr. Milk, NutKut, Love candy , Cow 0.50 billion 4% Share TOTAL 13.4 Billion PKR Confectionery and Chocolate Market – An overview Characteristics: The branded confectionery and chocolate market is highly price elastic and growing with the bulk of sales concentrated in mid-price range products. Urban markets account for the major share and also for a higher penetration rate. Various retail price points exist within the mass market segment of chocolates between the range of PKR 3-25. In Sugar Confectionery major running confectionery items fall into the retail price segment of Rs. 0.50-1.00. The efforts made for the induction of Rs.2 Confectionery unit by industry giants have gone into vain so far. However Rs. 2 and 3 are popular price points for lolly pops and chocolates range. The industry has faced â€Å"coin-barrier† issue in sugar confectionery products at least three times during last three decades when all key players unanimously agreed to increase their products’ price due to escalating prices of raw materials (first from 25 paisa to 50 paisa- in mid 80’s, than 50 paisa to Rs. 1 – in mid 90â₠¬â„¢s and lastly from Rs.1 to Rs.2-in late 2008) whereby the active players of the industry were compelled to raise their prices not less than any thing but 100% because next jump to coin / price denomination was such that they had no way out. It would be interesting for the readers to learn that such moves however have always been proved to be a â€Å"bitter pill† for the industry as it brought immense resistance from consumers and trade. In some of the cases decline in sales as a reaction of price increase was so huge that it forced to leading brands to take their decision back yet they were not able to retrieve their original volumes again. Mitchell’s Milk Toffees and Kidco 4ever are classic examples. To avoid and defer this situation (up to last extend) pro-active companies in Pakistani confectionery industry adopt three kinds of strategies , without reducing or with slightly reducing trade margins. Namely reduce the no. of units per pack, unit size, and packaging ( in an endeavour to reduce cost) Compromising in product quality by reducing qty and/or quality of expensive raw material by using close substitute that is available relatively at cheaper price as a replacement of expensive raw materials. Distribution and Selling strategy: About (70-80) % sugar confectionery and chocolate sales generate through wholesale channel depending upon the nature of product and strategies of manufacturing companies. Almost all but precisely Hilal and B.P rely much on wholesale channel to generate bulk chunk of their total sales. To support their sales through this channel they advertise heavily on electronic media to create brand pull for their brands and subsequently it force retailers to buy these brands from whole sale. The underlying reason behind limited coverage in retail sector by these two companies is they do not have premium priced items that could yield sufficient revenues to make retail distribution viable for their distribution partners so they do a limited coverage in retail sector. Since these companies themselves do not emphasize on retail penetration so their distributors also take an escape route and adopt the way of easy selling through WS. However there are companies like C adbury, Candyland, Mitchell’s and Mayfair that are fully aware of the importance of retail penetration .Hence these companies pay due importance and attention to retail coverage and subsequently allocate resources for retail sector. As stated earlier the emphasis of Hilal and B.P has always been on building consumer pull through mass media advertising ( mostly through television) and pushing their brands through wide-spread network of distributors and wholesalers throughout the nation . This combination of â€Å"Push Pull â€Å" has proved to be a successful tool in their cases because the nature of their brands also support this strategy as they produce products of mass market with as low price as Rs.1 , 2 and beyond. Because of this pricing strategy their products are equally popular in rural and urban towns among middle and lower middle class. B.P and Hilal having this advantage enjoy the benefits of a wide-spread distribution network in 300+ towns and over 350 distri butors nation wide (as they have more than one distributors in some towns). They always try to adopt cost leadership strategy and generate revenues through high volumes of sales. Frequent launches, re-launches, re-introduction of old brands with slight modifications, withdrawals, adjustments in packaging, product designing and even recipe change are a common phenomenon in the brands of these two major companies. Contrary to this Cadbury’s , Candyland and Mitchell’s believe on establishing brands and brand equity and therefore protraction of quality up to last possible extend remains their top priority. Popular Brands , Price point and Trades’ margins: Popular Brands: In hard-boiled (candy) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Fanty (Candyland), AamRus (Hilal), Choran Chatni (Hilal), Kopra candy (Hilal), 4ever (Kidco), Butter Scotch (Candyland) and (Mitchell’s), Amrood (Mayfair), Creamers (Mayfair) and Fruit Bonbons (Mitchell’s) are famous brands. In soft-boiled (Toffees) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Spacer (B.P) – a brand of 450- 500 million PKR, Milk Toffee (Mitchell’s)- brand worth over 250 million PKR and Éclairs (Cadbury’s) can be ranked top three among others in this category. As of today (August 2010) there hardly exist any 50 paisa confectionery unit, those that were available, have been switched to Rs.1 price point. In Lolly Pops: Price range Re.2- Rs.3/- : twin-lolly (B.P), Paint n Pop (B.P), Kidco Pop (Kidco), Funny Bunny (Candyland) are popular among consumers. In Enrobed Chocolate category: Price range Re.1- Rs.5/- : Jubilee (Mitchell’s), 5 Star ( Cadbury) Perk (Cadbury’s), Now (Candyland), Dream (B.P), Choco Dip (B.P), Kat Kat (B.P) Unitee (Mitchell’s), Sonnet (Candyland), Luxuree (Mitchell’s), Chox (Kidco) and Paradise (Candyland) enjoy major share in the market. In Moulded Chocolate category: Price range Re.2- Rs.10/- :Dairy Milk (Cadbury’s), Cone (B.P), Mr. Bear (B.P) Twin Rabbit (B.P), Golden Hearts ( Mitchell’s), Velvet (Cadbury’s) are famous among other brands. In Bubble: Rs.1: Ding Dong (Hilal) in Rs. 1 and recently launched in Rs. 2 as well. The brand has worth about 1000 million PKR, Fresh Up (Hilal) – retail Rs.5/-, Tiger (Mayfair) and Kidco Bubble, Centro (Kidco) are leading brands. Though retailer’s margin varies from companies to companies and product to product but generally acceptable margin in local items for retail trade is between 15-25%. It is lower for fast-moving brands and higher in the case of slow-moving items. Drivers, Challenges and Key Trends: Drivers: Until mid 80’s chocolates was supposed to be the product of upper and upper middle class segment. In 1983 Mitchell’s Jubilee was launched first time in Pakistani market at Rs.3.50 per bar. Due to its attractive packaging, quality, affordable price and an intact media support the brand received un-matched reception and became a success story in Pakistani industry. The brand is still very popular among masses and available in three different price points at Rs.2, Rs.5 and Rs.10. In early 2000 Cadbury’s introduced quality products with affordable price. The launch of Dairy Milk (Rs.5/-), 5 Star (Rs.5/-), Velvet (Rs.5/-) and Perk (Rs.3) with attractive dispensing-chillers was the turning and revolutionary point for making chocolates the choice for every one. The role of Cadbury’s for expansion of chocolate market in Pakistan will always be written in golden words. Challenges: The most common challenges to this industry are soaring prices of raw material, high excise and import duties on raw material, high entry barrier because of strong monopolistic competition and influx of cheap imported brand through gray-Channels. Trends: Driven by marketing initiatives, consumer preferences are speedily changing in the favour of chocolates. Independent retailers and wholesalers are still the largest channel contributors however the role of International modern trade (Makro, Metro and HyperStar) is growing at the increasing rate. Foreign or imported brands are successfully targeting the Lucrative premium segments in urban population. Nestle has recently revamp their sales and distribution management system through appointment of one of the leading distribution house in Pakistan. Large retailers and wholesalers have already started private imports by paying less import duties through tax evasions. The largest bakery and confectionery chain of Lahore is also considering for launching their own chocolate brands in a bid to grow their private label sales. Keeping these positive signs in mind one could expect that future of Chocolate and Confectionery market of Pakistan is promising. Research Papers on Chocolate and Confectionery Industry PakistanDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paper19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

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