The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness Essay Example

The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness Essay Both authors use their titles as a way of drawing in the reader by making them ask questions right from the start. Lively chose the title The Darkness Out There and this poses the question, What is The Darkness? The word darkness foreshadows that the story is about the unexpected and evil. In the same way, Thomas Hardys title Old Mrs Chundle, immediately begs the question Who is Old Mrs Chundle? Already the reader is picturing an old lady in their mind and wants to find out more about her. Like Lively, Hardy engages the reader by posing questions through the title. Titles are a very effective way of engaging the reader right from the outset. Also, both authors use stereotypes to engage the reader. Lively stereotyped the three main characters, Sandra, Kerry and Old Mrs Rutter. Sandra has been stereotyped as a girly girl who likes a good giggle. Kerry is depicted as one of the lads, he has explosive acne and black slicked down hair. Finally Mrs Rutter is also stereotyped as a dear old thing. The effect of Lively stereotyping her characters engages the reader even further. The reader is able to easily identify with the characters and in this way quickly becomes involved with them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Darkness Out There and What is The Darkness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As well as stereotyping the characters Lively chooses to stereotype the surroundings. She walked through the flowers, the girl, ox- eye daises and vetch cow parsley. This helps to build up the scene of a warm summers day with a girl skipping innocently through the fields. What this does is build up the stereotyping ready for when she reverses them at the end. I will go into this in further detail later on in the essay. Hardy also stereotyped his characters. Old Mrs Chundle was a stereotypical old lady, living on her own, cooking meals for passers by. However the Curate, in complete contrast, is a typically respectable old chap of a higher class. We can tell this when old Mrs Chundle says I dont want to eat with my betters and the language he uses such as Why my good woman. Also the way he insisted on paying Mrs Chundle for his meal I should feel much happier if you would. Once again, this helps the reader to picture the characters more clearly in their mind. As in The Darkness Out There, Hardy moves away from the stereotype of the Curates character curate slowly throughout the story. Firstly the Curate is described as The Kind Hearted Curate who invites Old Mrs Chundle to his parish for service And youll come, if I put it up at my own expense? Later he turns the character round from a caring, friendly Curate to somebody who less than charitably complains about her cabbage breath. I shall tell her not to come. Finally at the end of the story, when Mrs Chundle dies, Hardy uses the line brushed the knees of his trousers, and walked on. The brushing of the trousers symbolises the brushing away of any remorse or guilt for betraying his duties as one of Gods People. Another technique used by Lively throughout the story is to allow the reader to witness Sandra growing up and experiencing puberty. This is shown this by the use of the structural device Packers End. At the beginning of the story Sandra fears Packers End. When she was younger she feared the area because of witches, wolves and tigers But then we have an idea of her stage of puberty when her attention turns to rape. Another reason we know Sandra is growing up and entering adolescence is because when they are in Mrs Rutters house, Mrs Rutter complimented her on her appearance The girl blushed. She touched secretly, the soft skin of her thigh; she felt her breast poke up and out at the thin stuff of her top This adds to the reader alignment of Sandra. We also experience her emotions when on line 173 she shows her first sign of compassion by saying Thats Terrible! This technique allows the reader to identify with Sandra and become involved with her. Both authors use morals to enhance the meaning of their story. Lively uses many different morals. Her first one is that things arent always what they seem. She shows this by reversing all the stereotypes at the end of the story. She does this by reversing the characters of Kerry and Mrs Rutter. Mrs Rutter was a stereotypical old lady, which was reversed when we learnt that she left a German Fighter Pilot to die. Kerrys character grew in maturity throughout the story. When we first met him he jumped out to scare Sandra, he rose from the plough beyond the hedge and through Sandras thought process we were give the line you only have to look at people to know they are not up to much. to when he took it upon himself to leave Mrs Rutters house in disgust. Dunno `bout you, but Im going. By doing this she also shows that peoples perceptions solely based on appearance are likely to be wrong. Penelope Lively also tells her reader to fear the unknown. She does this by using Packers End. Lively doesnt let the reader gain much knowledge about Packers End, which will create fear within the reader. Lively also refers to light and dark a lot throughout the story. They are both metaphors. Light representing good, and dark evil. The dark reach of the spinney. Which creates the feeling that there is something sinister lurking in the woods. Polleny summer grass that glinted in the sun this shows to me that she evokes the feeling of an innocent fresh summers day. This builds up the fear of the darkness in the mind of the reader. Thus poses the question to the reader, what is the darkness out there? This is another way of engaging the reader used by Lively. In the last paragraph we see Sandra coming to the realisation of the darkness out there. This is shown by the quotation birds singing and next you glimpse darkness. The word glimpse suggests that the darkness is always there but its lurking, in hiding. Also the last two lines are extremely effective for revealing the true meaning of the story. She walked behind him, through a world grown unreliable, in which flowers sparkle and birds sing but everything is not as it seems, oh no. The phrase not as it seems sums up that Lively is suggesting that you could be facing the darkness everyday of your life but you may not realise it until its too late. By describing the world as unreliable, Lively shows that in Sandras eyes the world has lost its innocence, in comparison to the stereotypical setting seen through the eyes of Sandra in the opening. Hardy uses a similar moral to Lively. His moral is that perceptions of people based on appearance may be misleading. This is shown when the Curate betrays Old Mrs Chundle, even though she looked up to him and thought of him as one of Gods people. Line 297 shows this by saying The curate went out, like Peter at the cock- crow. This is comparing the Curate betraying Old Mrs Chundle to when Peter betrayed Jesus. Hardy also used the narration of the story to engage the reader and enhance meaning. Throughout the story, right until Old Mrs Chundles death the readers sympathies lie with the Curate. The narrator uses lines such as The Kind Hearted Curate and Zealous young man to build up the empathy. I think Hardy used this method, as he wanted to exploit the misconducts of the church. By building sympathy up with the Curate and then reversing it when we found out he betrayed Old Mrs Chundle Hardy adds extra impact to the remorse the reader has for the loss of Old Mrs Chundle. In The Darkness Out There by Lively, Lively use a third person narrator. She walked through the flowers She does this to create distance with the reader. Thus the reader feels they are observing the story unfold from a distance. However, after line 83, the narration switches from third person, to witnessing the story through the eyes and thought processes of Sandra. Some people you only have to look at to know theyre not up to much Using this method aligns the reader with Sandra and enables them to witness her growing up. This engages the reader further by making them want to find out what happens to Sandra. Hardy used pre-twentieth century language, as this was spoken at the time he wrote the short story. Curate hither and howsomever, helps the reader to establish the period in which the story is set. This pulls the reader in, as they can now easily picture a time and a setting in their mind. Local Dialect or Non- Standard English is used in both stories as a way of engaging the reader. In Old Mrs Chundle, Hardy uses local dialect for the character of Old Mrs Chundle. This helps us to learn more about her. For example Tis taters and cabbage, boiled with a scantling o bacon. Would ye like it? gives us a much clearer idea about the character than, It is potatoes and cabbage, boiled with a little bacon. Would you like some? This is also however a complete contrast to the language used by the curate. Yes, my good woman. This tells the reader that he is of a higher class. This also enables us to understand that there was a social divide at the time the book was written. Lively uses slang in the same way as Hardy does Non- Standard English. Both Kerry and Sandra use slang. Stupid so- and- so and whatd you like us to do are just a few examples. This enables the reader to learn more about the age of their characters and also know that they have been brought up in a more urban area. This enables the reader to align and relate to the characters. Building a relationship between themselves and the characters is a method of drawing in the reader even further. In conclusion both Hardy and Lively use a variety of techniques to engage the reader into their short stories. I found both very good and thoroughly enjoyed them. The first time I read them both, I preferred The Darkness Out There. However, after reading them more thoroughly, I preferred Old Mrs Chundle. I loved the way Hardy threw in little words and sentences that didnt seem like much but really had great impact on the story. For example brushed the knees of his trousers, and walked off. Both authors are very effective in engaging the reader.

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry Pakistan

Chocolate and Confectionery Industry Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Confectionery and Chocolate industry of Pakistan in 2009 is an analysis of branded (domestically produced) confectionery and chocolate market of Pakistan. The article reveals close estimates of sales turn over of major active players in the industry. It also examines contemporary trends in the local confectionery and chocolate market, with an emphasis on providing some useful information about the structure, norms, challenges and competitive landscape of the industry. Before proceeding to our core topic, it would not be unwise to have a look at the snapshot of country’s socio-economic indicators. Pakistan- Snapshot: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a medium size, densely populated country with over 170 million people living in 796,095 square kilometres. With respect to population and area, Pakistan stands at no. 7 and no.43 respectively among the nations of the world. It is located at Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north. Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and declining exports of manufactures. Faced with untenable budgetary deficits, high inflation, and haemorrhaging foreign exchange reserves. During 2004-07 GDP growth has been within the range of 6-8%. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, primarily because of rising world fuel and commodity prices. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated significantly as a result of political and economic instability. Confectionery and Chocolate Industry – An overview: Despite Pakistan’s confectionery and chocolate industry has enjoyed an emerging and growing trend in the recent past yet its size and growth pattern has been far inconsequential compared to other countries of Asia-pacific region. The industry has grown with an average annual rate of 6.5 to 7.5 % during 2002-2008. Domestic brands dominate the market accounting for more than 85% of total value sales of the industry. The industry as a whole can be divided between two broader sectors namely organized sector (branded segment) and un-organized sectors (generic segment). The branded segment is more of monopolistic in nature where there are nine prominent, active players in the competitive landscape of this sector. However 80% of the industry’s share is being enjoyed by the five companies listed below. A brief overview of major companies’ estimated annual sales in PKR (1 US$= 83 PKR) is as follows: Company name, Major Product lines, Major brands Estimated annual turn-over PKR.(1US$=83PKR), Share % Hilal Candy, Bubble, Jellies, Chocolates, Beans, powder Drinks, Supari Ding Dong Bubble, Fresh up bubble, Tulsi, AamRus, Kopra candy Limopani 3.5 billion 26% Share Ismail Industries Ltd.(Candyland) Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Snacks etc. Chillimili, Fanty candy, Now, Bisconi Chocolito, Cocomo, Snack city, Sonnet 2.8 billion 21% Share B.P sweets Jellies, candies, lollypops, Chocolates, Biscuits, Bread, Snacks etc. Spacer, Dolphin Jellies, B.P Lollies, Dream Chocolates etc. 1.7 billion 13% Share Cadbury’s Chocolates(Countlines and Moulded) Toffees, Chewable mint candies Dairy Milk Chocolate, Éclairs, Softmint, Velvet 1.5 billion 11% Share Kidco Bubbles candies, lollypops, Chocolates etc. 4ever, Centro-bubble, Lollies, Punch candy, Chox 1.20 billion 9% Share Mayfair Candies, Toffees, Creamers, Amrood candy, Éclair, Cafe biscuit 0.8 billion 6% Share Mitchell’s(only Confectionery Chocolates) Groceries ( Squashes, Jams, sauces, Chocolates- Moulded and Countlines , Toffees and candies Milk Toffee, Fruit BonBon, Butter Scotch, Jubilee, Golden Hearts 0.70 billion 5% Share DanPak Bubble Gum, Lolly Pops, Candies Chini mini, Fresh’ O bubble, Choco Bisco, Milko Sip 0.70 billion 5% Share Sweet Hills Candies, Toffees Dr. Milk, NutKut, Love candy , Cow 0.50 billion 4% Share TOTAL 13.4 Billion PKR Confectionery and Chocolate Market – An overview Characteristics: The branded confectionery and chocolate market is highly price elastic and growing with the bulk of sales concentrated in mid-price range products. Urban markets account for the major share and also for a higher penetration rate. Various retail price points exist within the mass market segment of chocolates between the range of PKR 3-25. In Sugar Confectionery major running confectionery items fall into the retail price segment of Rs. 0.50-1.00. The efforts made for the induction of Rs.2 Confectionery unit by industry giants have gone into vain so far. However Rs. 2 and 3 are popular price points for lolly pops and chocolates range. The industry has faced â€Å"coin-barrier† issue in sugar confectionery products at least three times during last three decades when all key players unanimously agreed to increase their products’ price due to escalating prices of raw materials (first from 25 paisa to 50 paisa- in mid 80’s, than 50 paisa to Rs. 1 – in mid 90â₠¬â„¢s and lastly from Rs.1 to Rs.2-in late 2008) whereby the active players of the industry were compelled to raise their prices not less than any thing but 100% because next jump to coin / price denomination was such that they had no way out. It would be interesting for the readers to learn that such moves however have always been proved to be a â€Å"bitter pill† for the industry as it brought immense resistance from consumers and trade. In some of the cases decline in sales as a reaction of price increase was so huge that it forced to leading brands to take their decision back yet they were not able to retrieve their original volumes again. Mitchell’s Milk Toffees and Kidco 4ever are classic examples. To avoid and defer this situation (up to last extend) pro-active companies in Pakistani confectionery industry adopt three kinds of strategies , without reducing or with slightly reducing trade margins. Namely reduce the no. of units per pack, unit size, and packaging ( in an endeavour to reduce cost) Compromising in product quality by reducing qty and/or quality of expensive raw material by using close substitute that is available relatively at cheaper price as a replacement of expensive raw materials. Distribution and Selling strategy: About (70-80) % sugar confectionery and chocolate sales generate through wholesale channel depending upon the nature of product and strategies of manufacturing companies. Almost all but precisely Hilal and B.P rely much on wholesale channel to generate bulk chunk of their total sales. To support their sales through this channel they advertise heavily on electronic media to create brand pull for their brands and subsequently it force retailers to buy these brands from whole sale. The underlying reason behind limited coverage in retail sector by these two companies is they do not have premium priced items that could yield sufficient revenues to make retail distribution viable for their distribution partners so they do a limited coverage in retail sector. Since these companies themselves do not emphasize on retail penetration so their distributors also take an escape route and adopt the way of easy selling through WS. However there are companies like C adbury, Candyland, Mitchell’s and Mayfair that are fully aware of the importance of retail penetration .Hence these companies pay due importance and attention to retail coverage and subsequently allocate resources for retail sector. As stated earlier the emphasis of Hilal and B.P has always been on building consumer pull through mass media advertising ( mostly through television) and pushing their brands through wide-spread network of distributors and wholesalers throughout the nation . This combination of â€Å"Push Pull â€Å" has proved to be a successful tool in their cases because the nature of their brands also support this strategy as they produce products of mass market with as low price as Rs.1 , 2 and beyond. Because of this pricing strategy their products are equally popular in rural and urban towns among middle and lower middle class. B.P and Hilal having this advantage enjoy the benefits of a wide-spread distribution network in 300+ towns and over 350 distri butors nation wide (as they have more than one distributors in some towns). They always try to adopt cost leadership strategy and generate revenues through high volumes of sales. Frequent launches, re-launches, re-introduction of old brands with slight modifications, withdrawals, adjustments in packaging, product designing and even recipe change are a common phenomenon in the brands of these two major companies. Contrary to this Cadbury’s , Candyland and Mitchell’s believe on establishing brands and brand equity and therefore protraction of quality up to last possible extend remains their top priority. Popular Brands , Price point and Trades’ margins: Popular Brands: In hard-boiled (candy) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Fanty (Candyland), AamRus (Hilal), Choran Chatni (Hilal), Kopra candy (Hilal), 4ever (Kidco), Butter Scotch (Candyland) and (Mitchell’s), Amrood (Mayfair), Creamers (Mayfair) and Fruit Bonbons (Mitchell’s) are famous brands. In soft-boiled (Toffees) category: Price range 0.50 paisa-Re.1: Spacer (B.P) – a brand of 450- 500 million PKR, Milk Toffee (Mitchell’s)- brand worth over 250 million PKR and Éclairs (Cadbury’s) can be ranked top three among others in this category. As of today (August 2010) there hardly exist any 50 paisa confectionery unit, those that were available, have been switched to Rs.1 price point. In Lolly Pops: Price range Re.2- Rs.3/- : twin-lolly (B.P), Paint n Pop (B.P), Kidco Pop (Kidco), Funny Bunny (Candyland) are popular among consumers. In Enrobed Chocolate category: Price range Re.1- Rs.5/- : Jubilee (Mitchell’s), 5 Star ( Cadbury) Perk (Cadbury’s), Now (Candyland), Dream (B.P), Choco Dip (B.P), Kat Kat (B.P) Unitee (Mitchell’s), Sonnet (Candyland), Luxuree (Mitchell’s), Chox (Kidco) and Paradise (Candyland) enjoy major share in the market. In Moulded Chocolate category: Price range Re.2- Rs.10/- :Dairy Milk (Cadbury’s), Cone (B.P), Mr. Bear (B.P) Twin Rabbit (B.P), Golden Hearts ( Mitchell’s), Velvet (Cadbury’s) are famous among other brands. In Bubble: Rs.1: Ding Dong (Hilal) in Rs. 1 and recently launched in Rs. 2 as well. The brand has worth about 1000 million PKR, Fresh Up (Hilal) – retail Rs.5/-, Tiger (Mayfair) and Kidco Bubble, Centro (Kidco) are leading brands. Though retailer’s margin varies from companies to companies and product to product but generally acceptable margin in local items for retail trade is between 15-25%. It is lower for fast-moving brands and higher in the case of slow-moving items. Drivers, Challenges and Key Trends: Drivers: Until mid 80’s chocolates was supposed to be the product of upper and upper middle class segment. In 1983 Mitchell’s Jubilee was launched first time in Pakistani market at Rs.3.50 per bar. Due to its attractive packaging, quality, affordable price and an intact media support the brand received un-matched reception and became a success story in Pakistani industry. The brand is still very popular among masses and available in three different price points at Rs.2, Rs.5 and Rs.10. In early 2000 Cadbury’s introduced quality products with affordable price. The launch of Dairy Milk (Rs.5/-), 5 Star (Rs.5/-), Velvet (Rs.5/-) and Perk (Rs.3) with attractive dispensing-chillers was the turning and revolutionary point for making chocolates the choice for every one. The role of Cadbury’s for expansion of chocolate market in Pakistan will always be written in golden words. Challenges: The most common challenges to this industry are soaring prices of raw material, high excise and import duties on raw material, high entry barrier because of strong monopolistic competition and influx of cheap imported brand through gray-Channels. Trends: Driven by marketing initiatives, consumer preferences are speedily changing in the favour of chocolates. Independent retailers and wholesalers are still the largest channel contributors however the role of International modern trade (Makro, Metro and HyperStar) is growing at the increasing rate. Foreign or imported brands are successfully targeting the Lucrative premium segments in urban population. Nestle has recently revamp their sales and distribution management system through appointment of one of the leading distribution house in Pakistan. Large retailers and wholesalers have already started private imports by paying less import duties through tax evasions. The largest bakery and confectionery chain of Lahore is also considering for launching their own chocolate brands in a bid to grow their private label sales. Keeping these positive signs in mind one could expect that future of Chocolate and Confectionery market of Pakistan is promising. Research Papers on Chocolate and Confectionery Industry PakistanDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanOpen Architechture a white paper19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Choose 1 of 9 religious topics in the details Coursework

Choose 1 of 9 religious topics in the details - Coursework Example Sarah was the official wife who bore Isaac. Isaac was the father of Israelites and Hagar was a servant lady who gave birth to Ishmael, the father of Arabs. The two books also talk about Mary giving birth to Jesus Christ without having consummated with any man. However the biggest difference between the two holy books is on Jesus’ divinity, and on the son Abraham intended to sacrifice. Was it Isaac or Ishmael? Also on the lady who took care of Moses when he was picked up from the river. While the bible states that Jesus was the son of God who descended to earth in order to save mankind from sins, and that Jesus died on the cross and resurrected on the third day, the Quran refutes all these claims. The following is the comparison of the holy bible and the Quran with regard to: Moses, Abraham, Jesus Christ, and the Virgin Mary. In both the Bible and the Quran, the story of Moses begins by his birth, where by his mother puts him in the river, he is picked up from the river-according to the bible by pharaoh’s daughter and the Quran by pharaoh’s wife while newly born (â€Å"Bible & Koran† Web). The two books also state that when Moses grows up, he kills according to the bible, an Egyptian and the Quran, a man and then flees to Egypt. In both books, God’s voice from a burning bush gives Moses the inspiration to plead with the Pharaoh to let Israelites go to the Promised Land. Furthermore, both books tell of Moses’ hesitation to take on this divine mission until his brother Aaron was called to help him (â€Å"Bible & Koran† Web). In the bible and the Quran, Moses and Aaron goes to preach to pharaoh about releasing the children of Israel. Aft er so much tussling, pharaoh releases them. Furthermore both books state that Moses goes to Israel via red sea. On reaching the red sea, he strikes it with his stick and it separates in to two. Pharaoh meets his death in the red sea while pursuing the

International Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Auditing - Assignment Example Ananda (2004) argues that, environmental auditing involves assessing whether the company is functioning in accordance with the requirements of environmental legislation. In addition, the audit intends to attain an independent external appraisal whether the management has formed proficient environmental policy and offered for satisfactory environmental approach. Environmental audits results to recommendations on how companies should reduce detrimental impacts to the environment in a cost-benefit and efficient approach, and how in the long term the company can save finances by via environmental friendly technology (Ananda 2004). According to Ananda (2004), social audit is the process of evaluating a company’s code of conduct, operating procedures and other factors to determine its effects on the society. Social audit is a formal assessment of a companys activities in social responsibility. It evaluates factors such as an organizations record of charitable giving, energy use, volunteer activity and work environment-transparency (Ananda 2004). Additionally, it assesses, worker pay and benefits to appraise what kind of environmental and social impact a company is having in its locations of operation. Social audits are not obligatory since companies can prefer whether to execute them and whether to make public the results or only use them internally only (Donald 2004). According to Anthony & Michael (2003), historically, public, corporate documentation of financial statements goes back to the 1850s. At that period, reporting on environmental and social matters was not so included in the corporate financial reports. The management included only financial accounting on their presentations on the financial statement information. The corporate entities focused on their economic activities only in their approaches to accounting. Such activities affected the economy through

Integrity and Values Essay Example for Free

Integrity and Values Essay Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] ones actions. Integrity can For other uses, see Integrity (disambiguation) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. Barbara Killinger offers a traditional definition: Integrity is a personal choice, an uncompromising and predictably consistent commitment to honour moral, ethical, spiritual and artistic values and principles. [1] In ethics, integrity is regarded[by whom? ] as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of ones actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold. A value systems abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with observation. A value system may evolve over time[4] while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies. [5] in opposition tohypocrisy,[2] in that judging with the standards of integrity involves regarding internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding within themselves apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. The word integrity stems from the Latin adjectiveinteger (whole, complete). [3] In this context, integrity is the inner sense of wholeness deriving from qualities such as honesty and consistency ofcharacter. As such, one may judge that others have integrity to the extent that they act according to the values, beliefs and principles they claim to hold.

Cerebral Palsy Essay -- Diseases Health Genetics Essays

Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non-progressive motor disorder. Approximately (2).% of children born today will have some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, Spastic syndromes due to upper motor neuron involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%), quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The hemiplegics of this group often have mild or less severe speech impediments than the other subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This group has the slow, writhing movements and choreiform like movements of the distal extremities also (8). These movements cease during sleep and increase when they become upset. Speech impairment is also often found in these patients (8). Third, ataxics’ (10%) have cerebellar involvement, wide based gait, intentio n tremors, problems doing fine movements, and incoordination weakness (8). Fourth, mixed forms of the above named groups are the most common, with spastic and athetoid symptoms being the most often paired. Convulsive seizures are often found in CP patients which often adds to the problems (8). Other associated problems include cognitive impairment, vision and hearing impairments, problems with communication, emotional deficits, behavioral problems and feeding problems (3). Spastic hemiplegics and paraplegics are the most likely to be of normal intelligence (3). Hemiplegics have the lowest incidence of mental retardation with about 40% of them (3). In CP patients it appears that the higher the degree of spasticity the greater the other pr... ...developmental disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1992, 318: 307-14. 3. Eicher, P. and Batshaw, M. Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr. Clin. North- Am., 1993, Jun; 40(3): 537-548. 4. Hughes, I. and Newton, R. Genetic Aspects of Cerebral Palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 1992, Jan; 34(1): 80-86. 5. Melone, P., Ernest, J., O’Shea, M., Klinepeter, K. Appropriateness of intrapartum fetal heart rate management and risk of Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Obs. Gyn., 1991 (Aug.), 165: 272-277. 6. Powell, T. et. al. Cerebral Palsy in Low-birth weight Infants. II. Spastic Diplegia Associations with Fetal Immaturity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1988, 30:19-25. 7. Vargha-Khadem, F. et. al. Development of intelligence and Memory in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Brain, 1992, 115: 315-329. 8. The Merck Manual, Pediatrics and Genetics, Chpt. 198, pg. 2110. Cerebral Palsy Essay -- Diseases Health Genetics Essays Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non-progressive motor disorder. Approximately (2).% of children born today will have some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, Spastic syndromes due to upper motor neuron involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%), quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The hemiplegics of this group often have mild or less severe speech impediments than the other subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This group has the slow, writhing movements and choreiform like movements of the distal extremities also (8). These movements cease during sleep and increase when they become upset. Speech impairment is also often found in these patients (8). Third, ataxics’ (10%) have cerebellar involvement, wide based gait, intentio n tremors, problems doing fine movements, and incoordination weakness (8). Fourth, mixed forms of the above named groups are the most common, with spastic and athetoid symptoms being the most often paired. Convulsive seizures are often found in CP patients which often adds to the problems (8). Other associated problems include cognitive impairment, vision and hearing impairments, problems with communication, emotional deficits, behavioral problems and feeding problems (3). Spastic hemiplegics and paraplegics are the most likely to be of normal intelligence (3). Hemiplegics have the lowest incidence of mental retardation with about 40% of them (3). In CP patients it appears that the higher the degree of spasticity the greater the other pr... ...developmental disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1992, 318: 307-14. 3. Eicher, P. and Batshaw, M. Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr. Clin. North- Am., 1993, Jun; 40(3): 537-548. 4. Hughes, I. and Newton, R. Genetic Aspects of Cerebral Palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 1992, Jan; 34(1): 80-86. 5. Melone, P., Ernest, J., O’Shea, M., Klinepeter, K. Appropriateness of intrapartum fetal heart rate management and risk of Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Obs. Gyn., 1991 (Aug.), 165: 272-277. 6. Powell, T. et. al. Cerebral Palsy in Low-birth weight Infants. II. Spastic Diplegia Associations with Fetal Immaturity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1988, 30:19-25. 7. Vargha-Khadem, F. et. al. Development of intelligence and Memory in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Brain, 1992, 115: 315-329. 8. The Merck Manual, Pediatrics and Genetics, Chpt. 198, pg. 2110.

The Berlin crisis

This essay will argue that the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) reached an agreement over Laos but not in Berlin because Berlin was politically important for both the US and the USSR. If ever the USSR gains Berlin, the integration of the entire Eastern Europe into the Soviet bloc will finally be accomplished. Should the US acquire Berlin, the former will have a strategic stronghold from which it can attack the USSR.In sharp contrast, the absence of an agreement over Laos will plunge both the US and the USSR into very costly wars. Nikita Khrushchev is famous for being a bold reformer who ended the brutal legacy of Stalinism and rejected the Soviet foreign policy of waging a world war with the West. His diplomacy likewise destroyed the Stalinist doctrine of isolationism that controlled the Soviet Union for decades.But Khrushchev’s reckless brinkmanship and ultimatums interspersed these positive developments, resulting in the Berlin Crisis (1958-19 62). Some political experts believe that the Berlin Crisis drove the world to the brink of a nuclear war. Prior to the Berlin Crisis, Khrushchev was a dictator whose major decisions were unchallenged, particularly those related to Soviet foreign policy. Under his regime, Soviet foreign policy focused on countries and issues that affected important Soviet interests and his political expediency.â€Å"Priorities† included finalizing a German peace settlement, achieving a detente with the US, preserving and strengthening ties with the People’s Republic of China and supporting Communist movements throughout the world. Despite Khrushchev’s reformist stance, he was still determined to win the Cold War by spreading Communism across the globe. Shortly after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in April 1961, Khrushchev and US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK) met at the Vienna Summit, which lasted from June 3 to June 4, 1961.The summit turned out to be a very tense affa ir. Khrushchev initially resisted JFK’s attempts to discuss Laos, saying that he was fully aware of US military intervention in the said country. But Khrushchev was in a more conciliatory mood when JFK again brought up the subject of Laos the following day. The former â€Å"agreed to work in good faith for the Geneva goals. † Khrushchev also claimed that â€Å"interested parties should be locked in a room and told to find a solution. † The agreement on Laos apparently was the sole conclusive outcome of the Vienna Summit.